Part I Foundational Issues 3
Chapter 1 Desktop Technologies 5
* Legacy Ethernet 5
·Carrier Sense with Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 6
·Addressing in Ethernet 7
* LAN Frames 10
·Ethernet SlotTimes 11
·Ethernet Frame Rates/Performance 13
* Fast Ethernet 14
·Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Support 15
·Autonegotiation 16
·100BaseTX 17
·100BaseT4 17
·100BaseT2 17
·100BaseFX 18
·Media-Independent Interface (MII) 19
·Network Diameter (Designing with Repeaters in a 100BaseX Network) 19
·Practical Considerations 23
* Gigabit Ethernet 24
·Gigabit Architecture 25
·Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Support 27
·Gigabit Media Options 27
* Token Ring 29
·Token Ring Operations 29
·Token Ring Components 31
* Summary 32
* Review Questions 32
Chapter 2 Segmenting LANs 35
* Why Segment LANs? 35
* Segmenting LANs with Repeaters 37
·Shared Bandwidth 39
·Number of Stations per Segment 39
·End-to-End Distance 40
* Segmenting LANs with Bridges 42
* Segmenting LANs with Routers 46
* Segmenting LANs with Switches 48
* Summary 50
* Review Questions 51
Chapter 3 Bridging Technologies 55
* Transparent Bridging 55
·Learning 57
·Flooding 58
·Filtering 58
·Forwarding 59
·Aging 59
* Switching Modes 60
·Store-and-Forward Switching 62
·Cut-Through Switching 63
·Fragment-Free Switching 63
* Token Ring Bridging 64
·Source-Route Bridging 64
·Source-Route Transparent Bridging 66
·Source-Route Translational Bridging 69
* Token Ring Switching 73
·Token Ring Concentrator Relay Function (TrCRF) 73
·Token Ring Bridge Relay Function (TrBRF) 74
·Source-Route Switching 75
·Duplicate Ring Protocol (DRiP) 77
* Ethernet or Token Ring? 77
* Migrating Token Ring to Ethernet 78
* Summary 79
* Review Questions 79
Chapter 4 Configuring the Catalyst 83
* Catalyst 5000/6000 CLI Syntax Conventions 84
* Catalyst 5000 Configuration Methods 84
·Console Configuration 86
·Telnet Configuration 87
·TFTP Configuration 88
* Using the Catalyst 5000/6000 Command-Line Interface 89
·Command-Line Recall 90
·Using Help 92
·Supervisor Module Configuration 94
* Catalyst Password Protection 100
·Catalyst Password Recovery 101
* Catalyst Configuration File Management 102
·Supervisor I and Supervisor II Module Configuration 102
·Supervisor III Module Configuration 103
* Catalyst Image File Management 104
·Supervisor I and II Image File Management 105
·Supervisor III Image File Management 105
·Serial Port Download 105
* Redundant Supervisor Modules 106
·Synchronizing Configuration Between Redundant Supervisor Modules 107
·Synchronizing Image Files Between Redundant Supervisor Modules 107
* Configuring Other Catalysts 108
·Catalyst 1900/2800 Configuration 109
·Catalyst 3000 Configuration 109
* Review Questions 110
Chapter 5 VLANs 113
* What Is a VLAN? 113
* VLAN Types 116
* 802.1Q: VLANs and Vendor Interoperability 121
* Justifying the Need for VLANs 123
·Problem 1: Network Security 123
·Problem 2: Broadcast Distribution 125
·Problem 3: Bandwidth Utilization 126
·Problem 4: Network Latency from Routers 127
·Problem 5: Complex Access Lists 127
·Wrong Motives for Using VLANs 128
* Moving Users in VLANs 128
·OSI Logistics for Moving Network Users 129
·Deploying VLANs to Eliminate Broadcast Domain Issues 131
·Deploying Layer 3 Distribution for Network Access Management and Load Distribution 133
* Catalyst VLAN Configuration 136
·Planning VLANs 136
·Creating VLANs 139
·Deleting VLANs 141
·Viewing VLAN Configurations 142
* VMPS and Dynamic VLANs: Advanced Administration 144
·Building the VMPS Database for TFTP Download 146
·Configuring the VMPS Server 148
·Configuring the VMPS Client 150
* Protocol Filtering 152
* Review Questions 153
Part II Spanning Tree 157
Chapter 6 Understanding Spanning Tree 159
* What Is Spanning Tree and Why Use Spanning Tree? 160
·Broadcast Loops 161
·Bridge Table Corruption 162
* Two Key Spanning-Tree Protocol Concepts 164
·Bridge IDs 164
·Path Cost 165
* Four-Step STP Decision Sequence 166
* Three Steps of Initial STP Convergence 167
·Step One: Elect One Root Bridge 168
·Step Two: Elect Root Ports 170
·Step Three: Elect Designated Ports 171
·Initial STP Convergence Review 173
* Five STP States 174
* Three STP Timers 176
* Mastering the show spantree Command 179
* Two Types of BPDUs 183
·Configuration BPDUs 184
·Topology Change Notification BPDUs 186
* Topology Change Process 187
* Using Spanning Tree in Real-World Networks 192
* Deterministic Root Bridge Placement 195
·Manual Root Bridge Placement: set spantree priority 195
·Using a Macro: set spantree root 197
* All of This Per VLAN! 198
* Exercises 199
·Review Questions 199
·Hands-On Lab 202
Chapter 7 Advanced Spanning Tree 205
* Typical Campus Design: A Baseline Network 205
* STP Behavior in the Baseline Network: A Spanning Tree Review 208
·General BPDU Processing 208
·Configuration BPDU Processing 212
·TCN BPDU Processing 215
·STP Timers 216
·How Far Does Spanning Tree Reach? 218
* Spanning Tree Load Balancing 220
·General Principles of Spanning Tree Load Balancing 221
·Root Bridge Placement Load Balancing 223
·Port/VLAN Priority Load Balancing 227
·Potential Issues in Real-World Networks 235
·Bridge Priority Load Balancing 238
·Load Balancing with Port/VLAN Cost 241
·Spanning Tree Load Balancing Summary 249
* Fast STP Convergence 249
·Tuning Max Age 250
·Tuning Forward Delay 256
·Lowering Hello Time to One Second 259
·PortFast 260
·UplinkFast 263
·BackboneFast 267
·Disabling Port Aggregation Protocol 271
* Useful STP Display Commands 274
·General show spantree Guidelines 274
·Using show spantree mod_num/port_num 274
·Using show spantree active 275
·Using show spantree summary 276
·Using show spantree blockedports 276
·Using Spanning Tree Logging 277
* Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus 280
·PVST+ Network Region Types 281
·PVST+ Mapping and Tunneling 282
·PVST+ and Spanning Tree Load Balancing 283
* Disabling STP 287
* Tips and Tricks: Mastering STP 289
* Exercises 293
·Review Questions 293
·Hands-On Lab 295
Part III Trunking 299
Chapter 8 Trunking Technologies and Applications 301
* Why Trunks? 301
·Trunks, Servers, and Routers 304
* Ethernet Trunks 306
·EtherChannel 307
·ISL 316
·Dynamic ISL (DISL) 319
·802.1Q/802.1p 322
·Dynamic Trunk Protocol (DTP) 325
* FDDI Trunks and 802.10 Encapsulation 326
* ATM Trunks 330
·LANE 332
·MPOA 334
* Trunk Options 336
·Existing Infrastructure 336
·Your Technology Comfort Level 337
·Infrastructure Resiliency Needs 338
·Bandwidth Requirements 341
* Review Questions 342
Chapter 9 Trunking with LAN Emulation 345
* A Brief ATM Tutorial 346
·Understanding ATM Cells: Five Questions about Cells (That You Were Always Afraid to Ask) 346
·ATM Is Connection Oriented 353
·ATM Addressing 355
·ATM Device Types 359
·ATM Overhead Protocols 361
·When to Use ATM 362
* LANE: Theory of Operation 363
·VLAN Versus ELAN 363
·The LANE Fake Out: Simulating LANs 364
·Let’s Go to The LANE Bar 364
·Ethernet LANE Frame Format 376
·Building a Data Direct VC 377
* Configuration Concepts 387
·Mapping VLAN Numbers to ELAN Names 387
·Subinterfaces 387
·Addressing 388
* Configuration Syntax 390
·Step 1: Build Overhead Connections 391
·Step 2: Build the LES and BUS (Bartender and Gossip) 392
·Step 3: Build the LECS (Bouncer) 393
·Step 4: Build the LECs (Clients) 395
·Step 5: Add the LECS’ NSAP to ATM Switch 395
* A Complete LANE Network 396
* Testing the LANE Configuration 398
* Advanced LANE Issues and Features 402
·Where to Run LANE Services 402
·Using Hard-Coded Addresses 403
·SSRP 404
·Dual-PHY 406
·Using the Well-Known NSAP for LECS Discovery 408
·PVCs and Traffic Shaping 410
* Exercises 410
·Review Questions 411
·Hands-On Lab 412
Chapter 10 Trunking with Multiprotocol Over ATM 415
* Why Two ATM Modes? 415
·Intra-Subnet Communications 418
·Inter-Subnet Communications 418
* MPOA Components and Model 418
·MPS 422
·MPC 423
·LANE V2 426
·NHRP 427
* MPOA Configuration 429
·Configuring the LECS Database with elan-id 431
·Configuring the MPS 432
·Configuring the MPC 435
* Sample MPOA Configuration 438
* Troubleshooting an MPOA Network 441
* Ensuring the ELANs Are Functional between the Source and the Destination 442
·Determining That All MPCs and MPSs Are Functional 442
·Determining That MPCs and MPSs Discovered Each Other 442
·Determining If the Threshold Is Crossed at the MPC to Initiate an MPOA Resolution Request 442
·Ensuring That the MPS and NHS Components ARE Functional 445
·Other Causes of MPOA Failures 445
* Review Questions 446
Part IV Advanced Features 449
Chapter 11 Layer 3 Switching 451
* Layer 3 Switching Terminology 451
* The Importance of Routing 453
* Router-on-a-Stick 454
·One-Link-per-VLAN 455
·Trunk-Connected Routers 457
·When to Use the Router-On-A-Stick Design 462
* The RSM 462
·RSM Configuration 463
·RSM Interfaces 464
·Troubleshooting with the RSM 465
* When to Use the RSM 467
* MLS 467
·Detailed MLS Theory of Operations 469
·Cache Aging 478
·Access Lists and Flow Masks 478
·Configuring MLS 483
·Using MLS 485
·MLS Design Considerations 488
·Other MLS Capabilities 499
·When to Use MLS 502
* Switching Routers 502
·EtherChannel 506
* MLS versus 8500s 506
* Catalyst 6000 Layer 3 Switching 512
* HSRP 513
·Load Balancing with MHSRP 519
* Integration between Routing and Bridging 521
·Bridging between VLANs 522
·IRB 523
·Issues and Caveats with Bridging between VLANs 526
·How to Fix the Broken Subnet Problem 530
·Recommendations on Mixing Bridging and Routing 534
* Review Questions 535
Chapter 12 VLAN Trunking Protocol 537
* Understanding VTP 538
* VTP Modes 544
·Source VTP Messages 545
·Listen to VTP Messages 545
·Create VLANs 546
·Remember VLANs 546
·VTP VLAN Distribution Demonstrated 547
* The Working Mechanics of VTP 549
·VTP Configuration Revision Number 552
·Summary Advertisements 552
·Subset Advertisements 555
·Advertisement Requests 558
* Configuring VTP Mode 559
·Tracking VTP Activity 560
·VTP: A Good or Bad Thing? 561
·VTP V2 566
* VTP Pruning: Advanced Traffic Management 567
·Configuring VTP Pruning 569
* Review Questions 570
Chapter 13 Multicast and Broadcast Services 573
* CGMP/IGMP: Advanced Traffic Management 573
·Multicast Addresses 574
·IGMP 576
·Static Multicast Configurations 585
·CGMP 586
* IGMP Snooping: Advanced Traffic Management 594
* Broadcast Suppression: Advanced Traffic Management 594
·Hardware-Based Broadcast Suppression 595
·Software-Based Broadcast Suppression 596
·Determining Whether to Use Hardware- or Software-Based Broadcast Suppression 598
* Review Questions 598
Part V Real-World Campus Design and Implementation 601
Chapter 14 Campus Design Models 603
* Changing Traffic Patterns 603
* Campus Design Terminology 606
·IDF/MDF 606
·Three-Layer Campus Network Model: Access, Distribution, Core 611
* Key Requirements of Campus Designs 613
* Advantages of Routing 614
* Campus Design Models 616
·Router and Hub Model 616
·Campus-Wide VLANs Model 617
·Multilayer Model 622
* General Recommendation: Multilayer Model 624
·Distribution Blocks 624
* Switching Router (8500) MDFs 626
·Core 629
·Server Farm Design 635
·Using a Unique VTP Domain for Each Distribution Block 637
·IP Addressing 637
·Scaling Link Bandwidth 638
·Network Migrations 639
* Exercises 639
·Review Questions 639
·Design Lab 639
Chapter 15 Campus Design Implementation 643
* VLANs 643
·The Appropriate Use of VLANs 643
·Use DHCP to Solve User Mobility Problems 645
·VLAN Numbering 645
·Use Meaningful VLAN Names 648
·Use Separate Management VLANs 649
·Deciding What Number Should be Used for the Management VLAN 651
·Be Careful When Moving SC0’s VLAN 652
·Prune VLANs from Trunks 653
·Make Layer 2 Cores Loop Free 654
·Don’t Forget PLANs 658
·How to Handle Non-Routable Protocols 660
* Spanning Tree 660
·Keep Spanning Tree Domains Small 660
·Don’t Disable Spanning Tree 662
·Evaluate Spanning Tree Patterns 663
·Consider Using Switching Routers to Virtually Eliminate Spanning Tree 664
·Consider Using Loop-Free Management VLANs 664
·Always Specify Your Root Bridges 666
·Try to Use Root Bridge Placement Load Balancing 667
·Timer Tuning 669
·Spanning Tree and the Management VLAN 671
·Study Your Spanning Tree Logical Topology 671
·When to Use UplinkFast and BackboneFast 672
·When to Use PortFast 672
·When One Spanning Tree Is Not Enough 673
* Load Balancing 674
·Remember the Requirements for Load Balancing 674
·Spanning Tree 675
·HSRP 676
·IP Routing 677
·ATM 677
·EtherChannel 677
* Routing/Layer 3 Switching 678
·Strive for Modularity 678
·When to Use MLS (and Routing Switches) 679
·When to Use Switching Routers (8500s) 679
·When to Use IRB 680
·Limit Unnecessary Router Peering 680
·Load Balancing 681
·Try to Use Only Routable Protocols 681
* ATM 681
·When to Use ATM 681
·Where to Use ATM 683
·Using SSRP 684
·BUS Placement 685
·MPOA 685
·Hardware Changes 686
* Campus Migrations 686
·Use the Overlay Approach 686
* Server Farms 687
·Where to Place Servers 688
·Consider Distributed Server Farms 691
·Use Fault-Tolerant NICs 691
·Use Secured VLANs in Server Farms 692
* Additional Campus Design Recommendations 692
·Access Layer Recommendations 692
·Distribution Layer Recommendations 693
·Core Layer Recommendations 693
·Watch Out for Discontiguous Subnets 693
·VTP 695
·Passwords 696
·Port Configurations 696
* Review Questions 697
Chapter 16 Troubleshooting 699
* Troubleshooting Philosophies 699
·Keep and Maintain Network Documentation 700
·Troubleshooting Philosophy 1: The Bucket Approach 701
·Troubleshooting Philosophy 2: Evaluate Layers of the OSI Model 705
* Catalyst Troubleshooting Tools 707
·show Commands 708
·SPAN 713
* Logging 715
Chapter 17 Case Studies: Implementing Switches 717
* The Design Scenario 718
* Should the Flat Earth Model Be Used? 721
* Design 1: Using MLS to Blend Layer 2 and Layer 3 Processing 725
·Design Discussion 727
·Configurations 735
·Design Alternatives 773
* Design 2: Maximizing Layer 3 with Catalyst 8500 Switching Routers 774
·Design Discussion 775
·Configurations 779
·Design Alternatives 799
* Summary 803
Part V Catalyst 6000 Technology 805
Chapter 18 Layer 3 Switching and the Catalyst 6000/6500s 805
* Catalyst 6000 Layer 2 Characteristics 805
* MSM Layer 3 Switching 806
* MSFC Hybrid Mode Layer 3 Switching 812
·MSFC Hybrid Mode Hardware 812
·MSFC Hybrid Mode Configuration Concepts 813
·Configuring MLS with MSFC Hybrid Mode 815
·The Advantages and Disadvantages of MSFC Hybrid Mode 819
* MSFC Native IOS Mode Layer 3 Switching 820
·The Benefits of Native IOS Mode 820
·MSFC Native IOS Mode Operating Concepts 821
·MSFC Native IOS Mode Configuration Concepts 822
·Native IOS Mode Interface Types 825
* Native IOS Mode Configuration 829
·Step 1: Assign a Name to the Router 832
·Step 2: Configure VTP 833
·Step 3: Create the VLANs 833
·Step 4: Configure the Gigabit Ethernet Uplinks As Routed Interfaces 833
·Step 5: Configure the VLAN 2 Switchports 834
·Step 6: Configure the VLAN 3 Switchports 834
·Step 7: Configure a Trunk Switchport 835
·Step 8: Configure the SVI Interfaces 835
·Step 9: Configure Routing 836
* Useful Native IOS Mode Commands 836
* Review Questions 839
Part VI Appendix 841
Appendix A Answers to End of Chapter Exercises 843
Index 892 |
