Contents
Preface
1. Why Record Spectra of Astronomical Objects?
1.1 A Historical Introduction
2. The Nature of Spectra
2.1 Transitions
2.2 Absorption and Emission
2.3 Other Measures of Transition Probabilities
2.4 Stimulated Emission
2.5 Optical Depth
2.6 Critical Density
2.7 Wavelength or Frequency?
2.8 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. Atomic Hydrogen
3.1 Overview
3.2 The Schrodinger Equation of Hydrogen-Like Atoms
3.3 Reduced Mass
3.4 Atomic Units
3.5 Wavefunctions for Hydrogen
3.6 Energy Levels and Quantum Numbers
3.7 H-Atom Discrete Spectra
3.8 H-Atom Spectra in Different Locations
3.8.1 Balmer series
3.8.2 Lyman series
3.8.3 Infrared lines
3.9 H-Atom Continuum Spectra
3.9.1 Processes
3.9.2 H-atom emission in H II regions
3.10 Radio Recombination Lines
3.11 Radio Recombination Lines for Other Atoms
3.12 Angular Momentum Coupling in the Hydrogen Atom
3.13 The Fine Structure of Hydrogen
3.14 Hyperfine Structure in the H Atom
3.15 Allowed Transitions
3.16 Hydrogen in Nebulae
4. Complex Atoms
4.1 General Considerations
4.2 Central Field Model
4.3 Indistinguishable Particles
4.4 Electron Configurations
4.5 The Periodic Table
4.6 Ions
4.7 Angular Momentum in Complex Atoms
4.7.1 L-S or Russell-Saunders coupling
4.7.2 j-j coupling
4.7.3 Why two coupling schemes?
4.8 Spectroscopic Notation
4.9 Parity of the Wavefunction
4.10 Terms and Levels in Complex Atoms
5. Helium Spectra
5.1 He I and He II Spectra
5.2 Selection Rules for Complex Atoms
5.3 Observing Forbidden Lines
5.4 Grotrian Diagrams
5.5 Potential Felt by Electrons in Complex Atoms
5 6 Emissions of Helium-Like Ions
6. Alkali Atoms
6.1 Sodium
6.2 Spin-Orbit Interactions
6.3 Fine Structure Transitions
6.4 Astronomical Sodium Spectra
6.5 Other Alkali Metal-Like Spectra
7. Spectra of Nebulae
7.1 Nebulium
7.2 The BowenMechanism
7.3 Two Valence Electrons
7.4 Autoionisation and Recombination
8. X-Ray Spectra
8.1 The Solar Corona
8.2 Isotope Effects
9. Molecular Structure
9.1 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
9.2 Electronic Structure of Diatomics
9.2.1 Labelling of electronic states
9.2.2 Symmetry
9.2.3 State labels
9.3 Schrodinger Equation
9.4 Fractionation
9.5 Vibration-Rotation Energy Levels
9.6 Temperature Effects
9.6.1 Rotational state populations
9.6.2 Vibrational state populations
9.6.3 Electronic state populations
10. Molecular Spectra
10.1 Selection Rules: Pure Rotational Transitions
10.1.1 Isotope effects
10.1.2 Rotational spectra of other molecules
10.1.3 Rotational spectra of molecular hydrogen
10.2 Vibrational Transitions
10.2.1 Structure of the spectrum
10.2.2 Isotope effects
10.2.3 Hydrogen molecule vibrational spectra
10.3 Electronic Transitions
10.3.1 Selection rules
10.3.2 Vibrational selection rules
10.3.3 Rotational selection rules
10.3.4 Transition frequencies
10.3.5 Astronomical spectra
10.4 Non-1Σ Electronic States
10.5 Maser Emissions
Solutions to Model Problems
Further Reading and Bibliography
Index
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