Part 1 The Foundations of Electronic Circuit Design
Chapter 1 Electronic Circuit Design
1.1 The Process of Design
1.2 Analysis for Design
1.2.1 Frequency-Independent Analysis for Design
1.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Analysis for Design
1.3 Electronic Systems
1.3.1 Electronic versus Electric Circuits
1.3.2 Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits
1.3.3 Modeling Electronic Systems
1.3.4 Discrete,Integrated,and Hybrid Circuits
1.4 Notation
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Capter 2 Semiconductor Physics and Electronic Devices
2.1 Material Properties
2.1.1 Crystal Structure
2.1.2 Conductors,Insulators,and Semiconductors
2.1.3 Generation and Recombination
2.2 Conduction Mechanisms
2.2.1 Diffusion
2.2.2 Drift
2.3 Conductor-to-Semiconductor Contacts
2.3.1 Rectifying Contacts
2.3.2 Ohmic Contacts
2.4 pn-junction Diodes
2.4.1 Intuitive Treatment
2.4.2 Detailed Analysis of Current Flow
2.4.3 Minority-Carrier Profiles
2.4.4 Summary of Current Flow
2.4.5 Charge Storage and Varactor Diodes
2.4.6 Breakdown and Zener Diodes
2.4.7 Other Types of Diodes
2.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors
2.5.1 Intuitive Treatment
2.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Current Flow
2.5.3 Base Current
2.5.4 Base-Width Modulation(The Early Effect)
2.5.5 Charge Storage
2.5.6 Breakdown Voltages
2.5.7 Other Types of Junction Transistors
2.6 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors(MOSFETs)
2.6.1 Intuitive Treatment
2.6.2 Detailed Analysis of Current Flow
2.6.3 Channel-Length Modulation
2.6.4 Charge Storage
2.6.5 The Effect of Bulk Bias
2.6.6 Breakdown
2.6.7 Short-and Narrow-Channel Effects
2.7 Junction Field-Effect Transistors(JFETs)
2.7.1 Intuitive Treatment
2.7.2 Detailed Analysis of Current Flow
2.7.3 Second-Order Effects
2.8 Metal-Semiconductor FETs(MOSFETs)
2.9 Silicon Controlled Rectiffier and Power Handling Devices
2.10 Comparison of Devices
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 3 Solid-State Device Fabrication
3.1 CMOS Technology
3.1.1 The Beginning:Choosing a Substrate
3.1.2 Active Region Formation
3.1.3 Nand P Well Formation
3.1.4 Gate Formation
3.1.5 Tip or Extension(LDD)Formation
3.1.6 Source/Drain Formation
3.1.7 Contact and Local Interconnect Formation
3.1.8 Multilevel Metal Formation
3.1.9 Electrical Model Related to Physical Structure
3.2 Bipolar Technology
3.2.1 Device Fabrication
3.2.2 Electrical Model Related to Physical Structure
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 4 Computer-Aided Design:Tools and Techniques
4.1 Overview of Simulation Techniques
4.1.1 Analog Systems
4.1.2 Digital Systems
4.1.3 Mixed Analog and Digital Systems
4.2 Circuit Simulation Using SPICE
4.2.1 SPICE Input and Output
4.2.2 Simulation Modes and Types of Analysis
4.3 Circuit Elements and Models for SPICE
4.3.1 Sources
4.3.2 Passive Devices
4.3.3 Diodes
4.3.4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
4.3.5 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
4.3.6 Junction Field-effect Transistors and MOSFETs
4.4 Macro Models in SPICE
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Part 2 Analog Electronic Circuit Design
Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers
5.1 Basic Op Amp Circuits
5.1.1 The Noninverting Amplifier
5.1.2 The Inverting Amplifier
5.1.3 The Unity-Gain Amplifier,or Voltage Follower
5.1.4 The Differential Amplifier
5.1.5 The Instrumentation Amplifier
5.1.6 Current Sources
5.1.7 Voltage Regulators
5.2 Frequency-Dependent Op Amp Circuits
5.2.1 The Integrator and First-Order Low-Pass Filter
5.2.2 The Differentiator and First-Order High-Pass Filter
5.2.3 Second-Order Filters
5.3 Nonlinear Op Amp Circuits
5.3.1 Comparators
5.3.2 Precision Rectification and Clipping
5.3.3 Logarithmic Amplifiers
5.4 Nonlinear Characteristics of Op Amps
5.4.1 Finite Gain
5.4.2 Input Bias and Offset Currents
5.4.3 Input Offset Voltage
5.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances
5.4.5 Finite Bandwidth
5.4.6 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio and Power-Supply Rejection Ratio
5.4.7 Output Swing Revisited
5.4.8 Slew Rate and Full-Power Bandwidth
5.4.9 Noise
5.4.10 Op Amp Parameter Measurement
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 6 Small-Signal Linearity and Amplification
6.1 Linear Time-Invariant Networks
6.2 Nonlinear Circuit Analysis
6.2.1 Analysis Solution
6.2.2 Graphical Solution
6.2.3 Solving with Models
6.3 Small-Signal Analysis
6.3.1 An Alternate View of the Small-Signal Approximation
6.3.2 Accuracy of the Small-Signal Approximation
6.4 Small-Signal Amplifiers
6.4.1 Small-Signal Models for Transistors
6.4.2 Example Application
6.5 Types of Amplifiers
6.5.1 Two-Port Models for Amplifiers
6.5.2 AC-and DC-coupled Transfer Functions
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 7 DC Biasing
7.1 DC and Large-Signal Low-Frequency Models for Design
7.1.1 Independent Sources
7.1.2 Linear Passive Devices (Rs,Ls,& Cs)
7.1.3 Diodes
7.1.4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
7.1.5 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
7.1.6 Junction Field-Effect Transistors
7.1.7 Comparison-of Bipolar and Field-Effect Transistors Biasing
7.2 Biasing of Single-Stage Amplifiers
7.2.1 JBT Amplifiers
7.2.2 FET Amplifiers
7.3 Biasing of Multistage Amplifiers
7.3.1 Cascaded Bipolar Amplifiers
7.3.2 Cascaded FET Amplifiers
7.4 Biasing for Integrated Circuits
7.4.1 Simple Bipolar Current Mirrors
7.4.2 More Advanced Bipolar Current Mirrors
7.4.3 FET Current Mirrors
7.5 Biasing of Differential Amplifiers
7.6 Worst-Case Analysis and Parameter Variation
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 8 Low-Frequency Small-Signal AC Analysis and Amplifiers
8.1 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Models for Design
8.1.1 Independent Sources
8.1.2 Linear Passive Devices(Rs,Ls,& Cs)
8.1.3 Dides
8.1.4 The Generic Transistor
8.1.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors
8.1.6 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
8.1.7 Junction Field-Effect Transistors
8.1.8 Comparison of Bipolar and Field-Effect Transistors
8.2 Stages with Voltage and Current Cain
8.2.1 A Generic Implementation:The Common-Merge Amplifier
8.2.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Common-Emitter Amplifier
8.2.3 A MOS Implementation:The Common-Source Amplifier
8.3 Voltage Buffers
8.3.1 A Generic Implementation:The Merge Follower
8.3.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Emitter Follower
8.3.3 A FET Implementation:The Source Follower
8.4 Current Buffers
8.4.1 A Generic Implementation:The Common-Control Amplifier
8.4.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Common-Base Amplifier
8.4.3 A FET Implementation:The Common-Gate Amplifier
8.5 Integrated Amplifiers
8.5.1 The Body Effect in FET Amplifiers
8.5.2 Current Mirrors
8.6 Differential Amplifiers
8.6.1 The Generic Differential Pair
8.6.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Emitter-Coupled Pair
8.6.3 A FET Implementation:The Source-Coupled Pair
8.7 Multistage Amplifiers
8.7.1 Multistage Bipolar Amplifiers
8.7.2 Multistage FET Amplifiers
8.7.3 Multistage Amplifiers with Bipolar and Field0Effect Transistors
8.7.4 Multistage Amplifiers with Differential Pairs:Operational Amplifiers
8.8 Comparison of BJT and FET Amplifiers
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 9 Amplifier Frequency Response
9.1 High-Frequency Small-Signal Models for Design
9.1.1 Independent Sources
9.1.2 Linear Passive Elements(Rs,Ls,& Cs)
9.1.3 Diodes
9.1.4 The Generic Transistors
9.1.5 Bipolar Junction Transistors
9.1.6 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
9.1.7 Junction Field-Effect Transistors
9.2 Stages with Voltage and Current Gain
9.2.1 A Generic Implementation:The Common-Merge Amplifier
9.2.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Common-Emitter Amplifier
9.2.3 A FET Implementation:The Common-Source Amplifier
9.2.4 Comparison of Bipolar and FET Implementations
9.3 Voltage Buffers
9.3.1 A Generic Implementation:The Merge Follower
9.3.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Emitter Follower
9.3.3 A FET Implementation:The Source Follower
9.4 Courrent Buffers
9.4.1 A Generic Implementation:The Common-Control Amplifier
9.4.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Common-Base Amplifier
9.4.3 A FET Implementation:The Common-Gate Amplifier
9.5 Comparison of Single-Stage Amplifiers
9.5.1 Bipolar Amplifiers
9.5.2 FET Amplifiers
9.6 Multistage Amplifiers
9.6.1 The Common-Merge Merge-Follower Cascade
9.6.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Common-Emitter Emitter-Follower Cascade
9.6.3 A FET Implementation:The Common-Source Source-Follower Cascade
9.6.4 The Cascode Amplifier:A Common-Merge Common-Control Cascade
9.6.5 The Bipolar Cascode Amplifier:A Common-Emitter Common-Base Cascade
9.6.6 The MOSFET Cascode Amplifier:A Common-Source Common-Gate Cascade
9.7 Differential Amplifiers
9.7.1 The Generic Differential Pair
9.7.2 A Bipolar Implementation:The Emitter-Coupled Pair
9.7.3 A FET Implementation:The Source-Coupled Pair
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 10 Feedback
10.1 Negative Feedback
10.1.1 Ideal Block Diagram Analysis
10.1.2 Ideal Analysis and the Characteristics of Negative Feedback
10.1.3 First-Order Practical Analysis
10.1.4 Advanced Analysis
10.1.5 Stability of Systems with Feedback
10.1.6 Compensation
10.2 Positive Feedback and Oscillators
10.2.1 Sinusoidal Oscillators
10.2.2 Nonsinusoidal Oscillators
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 11 Filters and Tuned Amplifiers
11.1 Filters
11.1.1 Ideal Transfer Functions
11.1.2 Practical Transfer Functions
11.1.3 Normalization (Frequency and Component Value Scaling)
11.1.4 The Narrowband Approximation
11.1.5 Integrated Filters and Simulated Inductors
11.1.6 Discrete-time Filters
11.2 Trned Amplifiers
11.2.1 Single-Tuned Amplifiers
11.2.2 Synchronous and Stagger-Tuned Amplifiers
11.3 Phase-Locked Loops
11.3.1 First-Order PLLs
11.3.2 Second-Order PLLs
11.3.3 Type-II PLLs
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 12 Low-Frequency Large-Signal AC Analysis
12.1 Diode Circuits
12.1.1 Diode Rectifiers
12.1.2 Limiting Clamping,and Multiplying Circuits
12.1.3 Diode Switching
12.2 Amplifiers
12.2.1 Signal Swing in Bipolar Amplifiers
12.2.2 Signal Swing in FET Amplifiers
12.2.3 Distortion in Amplifiers
12.3 Output Stages
12.3.1 Class A Output Stages:Classification and Efficiency of Output Stages
12.3.2 Class B and AB Output Stages
12.3.3 More Advanced Output Stages
12.3.4 Power Transistors,Thermal Modeling,and Heat Sinks
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 13 Data Converters
13.1 Overview
13.1.1 Analog and Digital Signal Processing and Applications of Data Converters
13.1.2 Data Converter Transfer Functions and Specifications
13.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters
13.2.1 Resistive DACs
13.2.2 Capacitive DACs
13.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters
13.3.1 Sample-and-Hold Circuit
13.3.2 The Successive Approximation ADC
13.3.3 The Dual-Slope ADC
13.3.4 The Flash ADC
13.3.5 Other ADC Architectures
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Part 3 Digital Electronic Circuit Design
Chapter 14 Gate-Level Digital Circuits
14.1 Background and Binary Logic
14.1.1 Fundamental Characteristics of Digital Circuits
14.1.2 Number Systems
14.1.3 Binary Logic Gates
14.2 Flip-Flops
14.2.1 The Set-Reset Flip-Flop
14.2.2 The JK Flip-Flop
14.2.3 The Flip-Flop
14.3 Shift Registers and Counters
14.4 Reflections on Transmission Lines
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Chapter 15 Transistor-Level Digital Circuits
15.1 Device Modeling for Digital Design
15.1.1 Diodes
15.1.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors
15.1.3 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
15.2 Specification of Logic Gates
15.2.1 Static Specifications
15.2.2 Dynamic Specifications
15.3 MOS Digital Circuits
15.3.1 NMOS
15.3.2 CMOS Inverter (NOT gate)
15.3.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates
15.3.4 More Complex CMOS Gages
15.3.5 Other Types of CMOS Logic
15.3.6 MOS Memory
15.4 Bipolar Digital Circuits
15.4.1 Transistor-Transistor Logic
15.4.2Emitter-Coupled Logic
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter Summary
References
Problems
Appendixes
Appendix A Spice Reference
Running SPICE
The Input File
References
Appendix B Example Device Models
Device Data
Model Libraries from the CD
References
Appendix C Two-Port Network Properties (on the CD)
Appendix D Review of Linear Time-Invariant Network Analysis (on the CD)
Answers to Selected Problems
INDEX
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